Tpetra_Map_def.hpp

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// @HEADER
// *****************************************************************************
//          Tpetra: Templated Linear Algebra Services Package
//
// Copyright 2008 NTESS and the Tpetra contributors.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
// *****************************************************************************
// @HEADER


#ifndef TPETRA_MAP_DEF_HPP
#define TPETRA_MAP_DEF_HPP

#include <memory>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <typeinfo>

#include "Teuchos_as.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_TypeNameTraits.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_CommHelpers.hpp"

#include "Tpetra_Directory.hpp" // must include for implicit instantiation to work
#include "Tpetra_Details_Behavior.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_FixedHashTable.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_gathervPrint.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_printOnce.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Core.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Util.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_mpiIsInitialized.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_extractMpiCommFromTeuchos.hpp" // teuchosCommIsAnMpiComm
#include "Tpetra_Details_initializeKokkos.hpp"
#include "Tpetra_Details_Profiling.hpp"

namespace { // (anonymous)

  void
  checkMapInputArray (const char ctorName[],
                      const void* indexList,
                      const size_t indexListSize,
                      const Teuchos::Comm<int>* const comm)
  {
    using Tpetra::Details::Behavior;

    const bool debug = Behavior::debug("Map");
    if (debug) {
      using Teuchos::outArg;
      using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
      using Teuchos::reduceAll;
      using std::endl;

      const int myRank = comm == nullptr ? 0 : comm->getRank ();
      const bool verbose = Behavior::verbose("Map");
      std::ostringstream lclErrStrm;
      int lclSuccess = 1;

      if (indexListSize != 0 && indexList == nullptr) {
        lclSuccess = 0;
        if (verbose) {
          lclErrStrm << "Proc " << myRank << ": indexList is null, "
            "but indexListSize=" << indexListSize << " != 0." << endl;
        }
      }
      int gblSuccess = 0; // output argument
      reduceAll (*comm, REDUCE_MIN, lclSuccess, outArg (gblSuccess));
      if (gblSuccess != 1) {
        std::ostringstream gblErrStrm;
        gblErrStrm << "Tpetra::Map constructor " << ctorName <<
          " detected a problem with the input array "
          "(raw array, Teuchos::ArrayView, or Kokkos::View) "
          "of global indices." << endl;
        if (verbose) {
          using ::Tpetra::Details::gathervPrint;
          gathervPrint (gblErrStrm, lclErrStrm.str (), *comm);
        }
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
          (true, std::invalid_argument, gblErrStrm.str ());
      }
    }
  }




  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class ViewType>
  void computeConstantsOnDevice(const ViewType& entryList, GlobalOrdinal & minMyGID, GlobalOrdinal & maxMyGID, GlobalOrdinal &firstContiguousGID, GlobalOrdinal &lastContiguousGID_val, LocalOrdinal &lastContiguousGID_loc) {
    using LO = LocalOrdinal;
    using GO = GlobalOrdinal;
    using exec_space = typename ViewType::device_type::execution_space;
    using range_policy = Kokkos::RangePolicy<exec_space, Kokkos::IndexType<LO> >;
    const LO numLocalElements = entryList.extent(0);

    // We're going to use the minloc backwards because we need to have it sort on the "location" and have the "value" along for the
    // ride, rather than the other way around
    typedef typename Kokkos::MinLoc<LO,GO>::value_type minloc_type;
    minloc_type myMinLoc;
    
    // Find the initial sequence of parallel gids
    // To find the lastContiguousGID_, we find the first guy where entryList[i] - entryList[0] != i-0.  That's the first non-contiguous guy.
    // We want the one *before* that guy.
    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(range_policy(0,numLocalElements),KOKKOS_LAMBDA(const LO & i, GO &l_myMin, GO&l_myMax, GO& l_firstCont, minloc_type & l_lastCont){
        GO entry_0 = entryList[0];
        GO entry_i = entryList[i];
        
        // Easy stuff
        l_myMin = (l_myMin < entry_i) ? l_myMin : entry_i;
        l_myMax = (l_myMax > entry_i) ? l_myMax : entry_i;
        l_firstCont = entry_0;

        if(entry_i - entry_0 != i  && l_lastCont.val >= i) {
          // We're non-contiguous, so the guy before us could be the last contiguous guy
          l_lastCont.val = i-1;
          l_lastCont.loc = entryList[i-1];
        }
        else if (i == numLocalElements-1 && i < l_lastCont.val) {
          // If we're last, we always think we're the last contiguous guy, unless someone non-contiguous is already here
          l_lastCont.val = i;
          l_lastCont.loc = entry_i;
        }

      },Kokkos::Min<GO>(minMyGID),Kokkos::Max<GO>(maxMyGID),Kokkos::Min<GO>(firstContiguousGID),Kokkos::MinLoc<LO,GO>(myMinLoc));
    
    // This switch is intentional, since we're using MinLoc backwards
    lastContiguousGID_val = myMinLoc.loc;
    lastContiguousGID_loc = myMinLoc.val; 
  }


} // namespace (anonymous)

namespace Tpetra {

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map () :
    comm_ (new Teuchos::SerialComm<int> ()),
    indexBase_ (0),
    numGlobalElements_ (0),
    numLocalElements_ (0),
    minMyGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    maxMyGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    minAllGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    maxAllGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    firstContiguousGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    lastContiguousGID_ (Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ()),
    uniform_ (false), // trivially
    contiguous_ (false),
    distributed_ (false), // no communicator yet
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map (const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
       const global_ordinal_type indexBase,
       const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> > &comm,
       const LocalGlobal lOrG) :
    comm_ (comm),
    uniform_ (true),
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    using Teuchos::as;
    using Teuchos::broadcast;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MAX;
    using Teuchos::typeName;
    using std::endl;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    const GST GSTI = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
    const char funcName[] = "Map(gblNumInds,indexBase,comm,LG)";
    const char exPfx[] =
      "Tpetra::Map::Map(gblNumInds,indexBase,comm,LG): ";

    const bool debug = Details::Behavior::debug("Map");
    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", funcName);
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();

    // In debug mode only, check whether numGlobalElements and
    // indexBase are the same over all processes in the communicator.
    if (debug) {
      GST proc0NumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      broadcast(*comm_, 0, outArg(proc0NumGlobalElements));
      GST minNumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      GST maxNumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_MIN, numGlobalElements,
                outArg(minNumGlobalElements));
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_MAX, numGlobalElements,
                outArg(maxNumGlobalElements));
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (minNumGlobalElements != maxNumGlobalElements ||
         numGlobalElements != minNumGlobalElements,
         std::invalid_argument, exPfx << "All processes must "
         "provide the same number of global elements.  Process 0 set "
         "numGlobalElements="<< proc0NumGlobalElements << ".  The "
         "calling process " << comm->getRank() << " set "
         "numGlobalElements=" << numGlobalElements << ".  The min "
         "and max values over all processes are "
         << minNumGlobalElements << " resp. " << maxNumGlobalElements
         << ".");

      GO proc0IndexBase = indexBase;
      broadcast<int, GO> (*comm_, 0, outArg (proc0IndexBase));
      GO minIndexBase = indexBase;
      GO maxIndexBase = indexBase;
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_MIN, indexBase, outArg(minIndexBase));
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_MAX, indexBase, outArg(maxIndexBase));
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (minIndexBase != maxIndexBase || indexBase != minIndexBase,
         std::invalid_argument, exPfx << "All processes must "
         "provide the same indexBase argument.  Process 0 set "
         "indexBase=" << proc0IndexBase << ".  The calling process "
         << comm->getRank() << " set indexBase=" << indexBase
         << ".  The min and max values over all processes are "
         << minIndexBase << " resp. " << maxIndexBase << ".");
    }

    // Distribute the elements across the processes in the given
    // communicator so that global IDs (GIDs) are
    //
    // - Nonoverlapping (only one process owns each GID)
    // - Contiguous (the sequence of GIDs is nondecreasing, and no two
    //   adjacent GIDs differ by more than one)
    // - As evenly distributed as possible (the numbers of GIDs on two
    //   different processes do not differ by more than one)

    // All processes have the same numGlobalElements, but we still
    // need to check that it is valid.  numGlobalElements must be
    // positive and not the "invalid" value (GSTI).
    //
    // This comparison looks funny, but it avoids compiler warnings
    // for comparing unsigned integers (numGlobalElements_in is a
    // GST, which is unsigned) while still working if we
    // later decide to make GST signed.
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      (numGlobalElements < 1 && numGlobalElements != 0),
      std::invalid_argument, exPfx << "numGlobalElements (= "
      << numGlobalElements << ") must be nonnegative.");

    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
      (numGlobalElements == GSTI, std::invalid_argument, exPfx <<
       "You provided numGlobalElements = Teuchos::OrdinalTraits<"
       "Tpetra::global_size_t>::invalid().  This version of the "
       "constructor requires a valid value of numGlobalElements.  "
       "You probably mistook this constructor for the \"contiguous "
       "nonuniform\" constructor, which can compute the global "
       "number of elements for you if you set numGlobalElements to "
       "Teuchos::OrdinalTraits<Tpetra::global_size_t>::invalid().");

    size_t numLocalElements = 0; // will set below
    if (lOrG == GloballyDistributed) {
      // Compute numLocalElements:
      //
      // If numGlobalElements == numProcs * B + remainder,
      // then Proc r gets B+1 elements if r < remainder,
      // and B elements if r >= remainder.
      //
      // This strategy is valid for any value of numGlobalElements and
      // numProcs, including the following border cases:
      //   - numProcs == 1
      //   - numLocalElements < numProcs
      //
      // In the former case, remainder == 0 && numGlobalElements ==
      // numLocalElements.  In the latter case, remainder ==
      // numGlobalElements && numLocalElements is either 0 or 1.
      const GST numProcs = static_cast<GST> (comm_->getSize ());
      const GST myRank = static_cast<GST> (comm_->getRank ());
      const GST quotient  = numGlobalElements / numProcs;
      const GST remainder = numGlobalElements - quotient * numProcs;

      GO startIndex;
      if (myRank < remainder) {
        numLocalElements = static_cast<size_t> (1) + static_cast<size_t> (quotient);
        // myRank was originally an int, so it should never overflow
        // reasonable GO types.
        startIndex = as<GO> (myRank) * as<GO> (numLocalElements);
      } else {
        numLocalElements = as<size_t> (quotient);
        startIndex = as<GO> (myRank) * as<GO> (numLocalElements) +
          as<GO> (remainder);
      }

      minMyGID_  = indexBase + startIndex;
      maxMyGID_  = indexBase + startIndex + numLocalElements - 1;
      minAllGID_ = indexBase;
      maxAllGID_ = indexBase + numGlobalElements - 1;
      distributed_ = (numProcs > 1);
    }
    else {  // lOrG == LocallyReplicated
      numLocalElements = as<size_t> (numGlobalElements);
      minMyGID_ = indexBase;
      maxMyGID_ = indexBase + numGlobalElements - 1;
      distributed_ = false;
    }

    minAllGID_ = indexBase;
    maxAllGID_ = indexBase + numGlobalElements - 1;
    indexBase_ = indexBase;
    numGlobalElements_ = numGlobalElements;
    numLocalElements_ = numLocalElements;
    firstContiguousGID_ = minMyGID_;
    lastContiguousGID_ = maxMyGID_;
    contiguous_ = true;

    // Create the Directory on demand in getRemoteIndexList().
    //setupDirectory ();

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map (const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
       const size_t numLocalElements,
       const global_ordinal_type indexBase,
       const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> > &comm) :
    comm_ (comm),
    uniform_ (false),
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    using Teuchos::as;
    using Teuchos::broadcast;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MAX;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_SUM;
    using Teuchos::scan;
    using std::endl;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    const GST GSTI = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
    const char funcName[] =
      "Map(gblNumInds,lclNumInds,indexBase,comm)";
    const char exPfx[] =
      "Tpetra::Map::Map(gblNumInds,lclNumInds,indexBase,comm): ";
    const char suffix[] =
      ".  Please report this bug to the Tpetra developers.";

    const bool debug = Details::Behavior::debug("Map");
    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", funcName);
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();

    // Global sum of numLocalElements over all processes.
    // Keep this for later debug checks.
    GST debugGlobalSum {};
    if (debug) {
      debugGlobalSum = initialNonuniformDebugCheck(exPfx,
        numGlobalElements, numLocalElements, indexBase, comm);
    }

    // Distribute the elements across the nodes so that they are
    // - non-overlapping
    // - contiguous

    // This differs from the first Map constructor (that only takes a
    // global number of elements) in that the user has specified the
    // number of local elements, so that the elements are not
    // (necessarily) evenly distributed over the processes.

    // Compute my local offset.  This is an inclusive scan, so to get
    // the final offset, we subtract off the input.
    GO scanResult = 0;
    scan<int, GO> (*comm, REDUCE_SUM, numLocalElements, outArg (scanResult));
    const GO myOffset = scanResult - numLocalElements;

    if (numGlobalElements != GSTI) {
      numGlobalElements_ = numGlobalElements; // Use the user's value.
    }
    else {
      // Inclusive scan means that the last process has the final sum.
      // Rather than doing a reduceAll to get the sum of
      // numLocalElements, we can just have the last process broadcast
      // its result.  That saves us a round of log(numProcs) messages.
      const int numProcs = comm->getSize ();
      GST globalSum = scanResult;
      if (numProcs > 1) {
        broadcast (*comm, numProcs - 1, outArg (globalSum));
      }
      numGlobalElements_ = globalSum;

      if (debug) {
        // No need for an all-reduce here; both come from collectives.
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
          (globalSum != debugGlobalSum, std::logic_error, exPfx <<
           "globalSum = " << globalSum << " != debugGlobalSum = " <<
           debugGlobalSum << suffix);
      }
    }
    numLocalElements_ = numLocalElements;
    indexBase_ = indexBase;
    minAllGID_ = (numGlobalElements_ == 0) ?
      std::numeric_limits<GO>::max () :
      indexBase;
    maxAllGID_ = (numGlobalElements_ == 0) ?
      std::numeric_limits<GO>::lowest () :
      indexBase + GO(numGlobalElements_) - GO(1);
    minMyGID_ = (numLocalElements_ == 0) ?
      std::numeric_limits<GO>::max () :
      indexBase + GO(myOffset);
    maxMyGID_ = (numLocalElements_ == 0) ?
      std::numeric_limits<GO>::lowest () :
      indexBase + myOffset + GO(numLocalElements) - GO(1);
    firstContiguousGID_ = minMyGID_;
    lastContiguousGID_ = maxMyGID_;
    contiguous_ = true;
    distributed_ = checkIsDist ();

    // Create the Directory on demand in getRemoteIndexList().
    //setupDirectory ();

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  global_size_t
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  initialNonuniformDebugCheck(
    const char errorMessagePrefix[],
    const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
    const size_t numLocalElements,
    const global_ordinal_type indexBase,
    const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int>>& comm) const
  {
    const bool debug = Details::Behavior::debug("Map");
    if (! debug) {
      return global_size_t(0);
    }

    using Teuchos::broadcast;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::ptr;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MAX;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_SUM;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    const GST GSTI = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();

    // The user has specified the distribution of indices over the
    // processes.  The distribution is not necessarily contiguous or
    // equally shared over the processes.
    //
    // We assume that the number of local elements can be stored in a
    // size_t.  The instance member numLocalElements_ is a size_t, so
    // this variable and that should have the same type.

    GST debugGlobalSum = 0; // Will be global sum of numLocalElements
    reduceAll<int, GST> (*comm, REDUCE_SUM, static_cast<GST> (numLocalElements),
                         outArg (debugGlobalSum));
    // In debug mode only, check whether numGlobalElements and
    // indexBase are the same over all processes in the communicator.
    {
      GST proc0NumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      broadcast<int, GST> (*comm_, 0, outArg (proc0NumGlobalElements));
      GST minNumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      GST maxNumGlobalElements = numGlobalElements;
      reduceAll<int, GST> (*comm, REDUCE_MIN, numGlobalElements,
                           outArg (minNumGlobalElements));
      reduceAll<int, GST> (*comm, REDUCE_MAX, numGlobalElements,
                           outArg (maxNumGlobalElements));
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (minNumGlobalElements != maxNumGlobalElements ||
         numGlobalElements != minNumGlobalElements,
         std::invalid_argument, errorMessagePrefix << "All processes "
         "must provide the same number of global elements, even if "
         "that argument is "
         "Teuchos::OrdinalTraits<Tpetra::global_size_t>::invalid() "
         "(which signals that the Map should compute the global "
         "number of elements).  Process 0 set numGlobalElements"
         "=" << proc0NumGlobalElements << ".  The calling process "
         << comm->getRank() << " set numGlobalElements=" <<
         numGlobalElements << ".  The min and max values over all "
         "processes are " << minNumGlobalElements << " resp. " <<
         maxNumGlobalElements << ".");

      GO proc0IndexBase = indexBase;
      broadcast<int, GO> (*comm_, 0, outArg (proc0IndexBase));
      GO minIndexBase = indexBase;
      GO maxIndexBase = indexBase;
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm, REDUCE_MIN, indexBase, outArg (minIndexBase));
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm, REDUCE_MAX, indexBase, outArg (maxIndexBase));
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (minIndexBase != maxIndexBase || indexBase != minIndexBase,
         std::invalid_argument, errorMessagePrefix <<
         "All processes must provide the same indexBase argument.  "
         "Process 0 set indexBase = " << proc0IndexBase << ".  The "
         "calling process " << comm->getRank() << " set indexBase="
         << indexBase << ".  The min and max values over all "
         "processes are " << minIndexBase << " resp. " << maxIndexBase
         << ".");

      // Make sure that the sum of numLocalElements over all processes
      // equals numGlobalElements.
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (numGlobalElements != GSTI &&
         debugGlobalSum != numGlobalElements, std::invalid_argument,
         errorMessagePrefix << "The sum of each process' number of "
         "indices over all processes, " << debugGlobalSum << ", != "
         << "numGlobalElements=" << numGlobalElements << ".  If you "
         "would like this constructor to compute numGlobalElements "
         "for you, you may set numGlobalElements="
         "Teuchos::OrdinalTraits<Tpetra::global_size_t>::invalid() "
         "on input.  Please note that this is NOT necessarily -1.");
    }
    return debugGlobalSum;
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  void
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  initWithNonownedHostIndexList(
    const char errorMessagePrefix[],
    const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
    const Kokkos::View<const global_ordinal_type*,
      Kokkos::LayoutLeft,
      Kokkos::HostSpace,
      Kokkos::MemoryUnmanaged>& entryList_host,
    const global_ordinal_type indexBase,
    const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int>>& comm)
  {
    Tpetra::Details::ProfilingRegion pr("Map::initWithNonownedHostIndexList()");

    using Kokkos::LayoutLeft;
    using Kokkos::subview;
    using Kokkos::View;
    using Kokkos::view_alloc;
    using Kokkos::WithoutInitializing;
    using Teuchos::as;
    using Teuchos::broadcast;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::ptr;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MAX;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_SUM;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    const GST GSTI = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
    // Make sure that Kokkos has been initialized (Github Issue #513).
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
      (! Kokkos::is_initialized (), std::runtime_error,
       errorMessagePrefix << "The Kokkos execution space "
       << Teuchos::TypeNameTraits<execution_space>::name()
       << " has not been initialized.  "
       "Please initialize it before creating a Map.")

    // The user has specified the distribution of indices over the
    // processes, via the input array of global indices on each
    // process.  The distribution is not necessarily contiguous or
    // equally shared over the processes.

    // The length of the input array on this process is the number of
    // local indices to associate with this process, even though the
    // input array contains global indices.  We assume that the number
    // of local indices on a process can be stored in a size_t;
    // numLocalElements_ is a size_t, so this variable and that should
    // have the same type.
    const size_t numLocalElements(entryList_host.size());

    initialNonuniformDebugCheck(errorMessagePrefix, numGlobalElements,
                                numLocalElements, indexBase, comm);

    // NOTE (mfh 20 Feb 2013, 10 Oct 2016) In some sense, this global
    // reduction is redundant, since the directory Map will have to do
    // the same thing.  Thus, we could do the scan and broadcast for
    // the directory Map here, and give the computed offsets to the
    // directory Map's constructor.  However, a reduction costs less
    // than a scan and broadcast, so this still saves time if users of
    // this Map don't ever need the Directory (i.e., if they never
    // call getRemoteIndexList on this Map).
    if (numGlobalElements != GSTI) {
      numGlobalElements_ = numGlobalElements; // Use the user's value.
    }
    else { // The user wants us to compute the sum.
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_SUM,
                static_cast<GST>(numLocalElements),
                outArg(numGlobalElements_));
    }

    // mfh 20 Feb 2013: We've never quite done the right thing for
    // duplicate GIDs here.  Duplicate GIDs have always been counted
    // distinctly in numLocalElements_, and thus should get a
    // different LID.  However, we've always used std::map or a hash
    // table for the GID -> LID lookup table, so distinct GIDs always
    // map to the same LID.  Furthermore, the order of the input GID
    // list matters, so it's not desirable to sort for determining
    // uniqueness.
    //
    // I've chosen for now to write this code as if the input GID list
    // contains no duplicates.  If this is not desired, we could use
    // the lookup table itself to determine uniqueness: If we haven't
    // seen the GID before, it gets a new LID and it's added to the
    // LID -> GID and GID -> LID tables.  If we have seen the GID
    // before, it doesn't get added to either table.  I would
    // implement this, but it would cost more to do the double lookups
    // in the table (one to check, and one to insert).
    //
    // More importantly, since we build the GID -> LID table in (a
    // thread-) parallel (way), the order in which duplicate GIDs may
    // get inserted is not defined.  This would make the assignment of
    // LID to GID nondeterministic.

    numLocalElements_ = numLocalElements;
    indexBase_ = indexBase;

    minMyGID_ = indexBase_;
    maxMyGID_ = indexBase_;

    // NOTE (mfh 27 May 2015): While finding the initial contiguous
    // GID range requires looking at all the GIDs in the range,
    // dismissing an interval of GIDs only requires looking at the
    // first and last GIDs.  Thus, we could do binary search backwards
    // from the end in order to catch the common case of a contiguous
    // interval followed by noncontiguous entries.  On the other hand,
    // we could just expose this case explicitly as yet another Map
    // constructor, and avoid the trouble of detecting it.
    if (numLocalElements_ > 0) {
      // Find contiguous GID range, with the restriction that the
      // beginning of the range starts with the first entry.  While
      // doing so, fill in the LID -> GID table.
      typename decltype (lgMap_)::non_const_type lgMap
        (view_alloc ("lgMap", WithoutInitializing), numLocalElements_);
      auto lgMap_host =
        Kokkos::create_mirror_view (Kokkos::HostSpace (), lgMap);

      // The input array entryList_host is already on host, so we
      // don't need to take a host view of it.
      // auto entryList_host =
      //   Kokkos::create_mirror_view (Kokkos::HostSpace (), entryList);
      // Kokkos::deep_copy (entryList_host, entryList);

      firstContiguousGID_ = entryList_host[0];
      lastContiguousGID_ = firstContiguousGID_+1;

      // FIXME (mfh 23 Sep 2015) We need to copy the input GIDs
      // anyway, so we have to look at them all.  The logical way to
      // find the first noncontiguous entry would thus be to "reduce,"
      // where the local reduction result is whether entryList[i] + 1
      // == entryList[i+1].

      lgMap_host[0] = firstContiguousGID_;
      size_t i = 1;
      for ( ; i < numLocalElements_; ++i) {
        const GO curGid = entryList_host[i];
        const LO curLid = as<LO> (i);

        if (lastContiguousGID_ != curGid) break;

        // Add the entry to the LID->GID table only after we know that
        // the current GID is in the initial contiguous sequence, so
        // that we don't repeat adding it in the first iteration of
        // the loop below over the remaining noncontiguous GIDs.
        lgMap_host[curLid] = curGid;
        ++lastContiguousGID_;
      }
      --lastContiguousGID_;
      // NOTE: i is the first non-contiguous index.

      // [firstContiguousGID_, lastContigousGID_] is the initial
      // sequence of contiguous GIDs.  We can start the min and max
      // GID using this range.
      minMyGID_ = firstContiguousGID_;
      maxMyGID_ = lastContiguousGID_;

      // Compute the GID -> LID lookup table, _not_ including the
      // initial sequence of contiguous GIDs.
      LO firstNonContiguous_loc=i;
      {
        
        const std::pair<size_t, size_t> ncRange (i, entryList_host.extent (0));
        auto nonContigGids_host = subview (entryList_host, ncRange);
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
          (static_cast<size_t> (nonContigGids_host.extent (0)) !=
           static_cast<size_t> (entryList_host.extent (0) - i),
           std::logic_error, "Tpetra::Map noncontiguous constructor: "
           "nonContigGids_host.extent(0) = "
           << nonContigGids_host.extent (0)
           << " != entryList_host.extent(0) - i = "
           << (entryList_host.extent (0) - i) << " = "
           << entryList_host.extent (0) << " - " << i
           << ".  Please report this bug to the Tpetra developers.");

        // FixedHashTable's constructor expects an owned device View,
        // so we must deep-copy the subview of the input indices.
        View<GO*, LayoutLeft, device_type>
          nonContigGids (view_alloc ("nonContigGids", WithoutInitializing),
                         nonContigGids_host.size ());


        // DEEP_COPY REVIEW - HOST-TO-DEVICE
        Kokkos::deep_copy (execution_space(), nonContigGids, nonContigGids_host);
        Kokkos::fence("Map::initWithNonownedHostIndexList"); // for UVM issues below - which will be refatored soon so FixedHashTable can build as pure CudaSpace - then I think remove this fence

        glMap_ = global_to_local_table_type(nonContigGids,
                                            firstNonContiguous_loc);
        // Make host version - when memory spaces match these just do trivial assignment
        glMapHost_ = global_to_local_table_host_type(glMap_);
      }

      // FIXME (mfh 10 Oct 2016) When we construct the global-to-local
      // table above, we have to look at all the (noncontiguous) input
      // indices anyway.  Thus, why not have the constructor compute
      // and return the min and max?

      for ( ; i < numLocalElements_; ++i) {
        const GO curGid = entryList_host[i];
        const LO curLid = static_cast<LO> (i);
        lgMap_host[curLid] = curGid; // LID -> GID table

        // While iterating through entryList, we compute its
        // (process-local) min and max elements.
        if (curGid < minMyGID_) {
          minMyGID_ = curGid;
        }
        if (curGid > maxMyGID_) {
          maxMyGID_ = curGid;
        }
      }

      // We filled lgMap on host above; now sync back to device.
      // DEEP_COPY REVIEW - HOST-TO-DEVICE
      Kokkos::deep_copy (execution_space(), lgMap, lgMap_host);

      // "Commit" the local-to-global lookup table we filled in above.
      lgMap_ = lgMap;
      // We've already created this, so use it.
      lgMapHost_ = lgMap_host;


    }
    else {
      minMyGID_ = std::numeric_limits<GlobalOrdinal>::max();
      maxMyGID_ = std::numeric_limits<GlobalOrdinal>::lowest();
      // This insures tests for GIDs in the range
      // [firstContiguousGID_, lastContiguousGID_] fail for processes
      // with no local elements.
      firstContiguousGID_ = indexBase_+1;
      lastContiguousGID_ = indexBase_;
      // glMap_ was default constructed, so it's already empty.

    }




    // Compute the min and max of all processes' GIDs.  If
    // numLocalElements_ == 0 on this process, minMyGID_ and maxMyGID_
    // are both indexBase_.  This is wrong, but fixing it would
    // require either a fancy sparse all-reduce, or a custom reduction
    // operator that ignores invalid values ("invalid" means
    // Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GO>::invalid()).
    //
    // Also, while we're at it, use the same all-reduce to figure out
    // if the Map is distributed.  "Distributed" means that there is
    // at least one process with a number of local elements less than
    // the number of global elements.
    //
    // We're computing the min and max of all processes' GIDs using a
    // single MAX all-reduce, because min(x,y) = -max(-x,-y) (when x
    // and y are signed).  (This lets us combine the min and max into
    // a single all-reduce.)  If each process sets localDist=1 if its
    // number of local elements is strictly less than the number of
    // global elements, and localDist=0 otherwise, then a MAX
    // all-reduce on localDist tells us if the Map is distributed (1
    // if yes, 0 if no).  Thus, we can append localDist onto the end
    // of the data and get the global result from the all-reduce.
    if (std::numeric_limits<GO>::is_signed) {
      // Does my process NOT own all the elements?
      const GO localDist =
        (as<GST> (numLocalElements_) < numGlobalElements_) ? 1 : 0;

      GO minMaxInput[3];
      minMaxInput[0] = -minMyGID_;
      minMaxInput[1] = maxMyGID_;
      minMaxInput[2] = localDist;

      GO minMaxOutput[3];
      minMaxOutput[0] = 0;
      minMaxOutput[1] = 0;
      minMaxOutput[2] = 0;
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm, REDUCE_MAX, 3, minMaxInput, minMaxOutput);
      minAllGID_ = -minMaxOutput[0];
      maxAllGID_ = minMaxOutput[1];
      const GO globalDist = minMaxOutput[2];
      distributed_ = (comm_->getSize () > 1 && globalDist == 1);
    }
    else { // unsigned; use two reductions
      // This is always correct, no matter the signedness of GO.
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm_, REDUCE_MIN, minMyGID_, outArg (minAllGID_));
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm_, REDUCE_MAX, maxMyGID_, outArg (maxAllGID_));
      distributed_ = checkIsDist ();
    }

    contiguous_  = false; // "Contiguous" is conservative.

    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      minAllGID_ < indexBase_,
      std::invalid_argument,
      "Tpetra::Map constructor (noncontiguous): "
      "Minimum global ID = " << minAllGID_ << " over all process(es) is "
      "less than the given indexBase = " << indexBase_ << ".");

    // Create the Directory on demand in getRemoteIndexList().
    //setupDirectory ();
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map (const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
       const GlobalOrdinal indexList[],
       const LocalOrdinal indexListSize,
       const GlobalOrdinal indexBase,
       const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm) :
    comm_ (comm),
    uniform_ (false),
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    using std::endl;
    const char funcName[] =
      "Map(gblNumInds,indexList,indexListSize,indexBase,comm)";

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", funcName);
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();
    Tpetra::Details::ProfilingRegion pr(funcName);
    checkMapInputArray ("(GST, const GO[], LO, GO, comm)",
                        indexList, static_cast<size_t> (indexListSize),
                        comm.getRawPtr ());
    // Not quite sure if I trust all code to behave correctly if the
    // pointer is nonnull but the array length is nonzero, so I'll
    // make sure the raw pointer is null if the length is zero.
    const GlobalOrdinal* const indsRaw = indexListSize == 0 ? NULL : indexList;
    Kokkos::View<const GlobalOrdinal*,
                 Kokkos::LayoutLeft,
                 Kokkos::HostSpace,
                 Kokkos::MemoryUnmanaged> inds (indsRaw, indexListSize);
    initWithNonownedHostIndexList(funcName, numGlobalElements, inds,
                                  indexBase, comm);
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map (const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
       const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal>& entryList,
       const GlobalOrdinal indexBase,
       const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm) :
    comm_ (comm),
    uniform_ (false),
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    using std::endl;
    const char* funcName = "Map(gblNumInds,entryList(Teuchos::ArrayView),indexBase,comm)";

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", funcName);
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();
    Tpetra::Details::ProfilingRegion pr(funcName);
    const size_t numLclInds = static_cast<size_t> (entryList.size ());
    checkMapInputArray ("(GST, ArrayView, GO, comm)",
                        entryList.getRawPtr (), numLclInds,
                        comm.getRawPtr ());
    // Not quite sure if I trust both ArrayView and View to behave
    // correctly if the pointer is nonnull but the array length is
    // nonzero, so I'll make sure it's null if the length is zero.
    const GlobalOrdinal* const indsRaw =
      numLclInds == 0 ? NULL : entryList.getRawPtr ();
    Kokkos::View<const GlobalOrdinal*,
                 Kokkos::LayoutLeft,
                 Kokkos::HostSpace,
                 Kokkos::MemoryUnmanaged> inds (indsRaw, numLclInds);
    initWithNonownedHostIndexList(funcName, numGlobalElements, inds,
                                  indexBase, comm);
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  Map (const global_size_t numGlobalElements,
       const Kokkos::View<const GlobalOrdinal*, device_type>& entryList,
       const GlobalOrdinal indexBase,
       const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm) :
    comm_ (comm),
    uniform_ (false),
    directory_ (new Directory<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> ())
  {
    using Kokkos::LayoutLeft;
    using Kokkos::subview;
    using Kokkos::View;
    using Kokkos::view_alloc;
    using Kokkos::WithoutInitializing;
    using Teuchos::arcp;
    using Teuchos::ArrayView;
    using Teuchos::as;
    using Teuchos::broadcast;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::ptr;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MAX;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_SUM;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using Teuchos::typeName;
    using std::endl;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    const GST GSTI = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
    const char funcName[] =
      "Map(gblNumInds,entryList(Kokkos::View),indexBase,comm)";

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", funcName);
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    Tpetra::Details::initializeKokkos ();
    Tpetra::Details::Behavior::reject_unrecognized_env_vars();
    Tpetra::Details::ProfilingRegion pr(funcName);
    checkMapInputArray ("(GST, Kokkos::View, GO, comm)",
                        entryList.data (),
                        static_cast<size_t> (entryList.extent (0)),
                        comm.getRawPtr ());

    // The user has specified the distribution of indices over the
    // processes, via the input array of global indices on each
    // process.  The distribution is not necessarily contiguous or
    // equally shared over the processes.

    // The length of the input array on this process is the number of
    // local indices to associate with this process, even though the
    // input array contains global indices.  We assume that the number
    // of local indices on a process can be stored in a size_t;
    // numLocalElements_ is a size_t, so this variable and that should
    // have the same type.
    const size_t numLocalElements(entryList.size());

    initialNonuniformDebugCheck(funcName, numGlobalElements,
                                numLocalElements, indexBase, comm);

    // NOTE (mfh 20 Feb 2013, 10 Oct 2016) In some sense, this global
    // reduction is redundant, since the directory Map will have to do
    // the same thing.  Thus, we could do the scan and broadcast for
    // the directory Map here, and give the computed offsets to the
    // directory Map's constructor.  However, a reduction costs less
    // than a scan and broadcast, so this still saves time if users of
    // this Map don't ever need the Directory (i.e., if they never
    // call getRemoteIndexList on this Map).
    if (numGlobalElements != GSTI) {
      numGlobalElements_ = numGlobalElements; // Use the user's value.
    }
    else { // The user wants us to compute the sum.
      reduceAll(*comm, REDUCE_SUM,
                static_cast<GST>(numLocalElements),
                outArg(numGlobalElements_));
    }


    // mfh 20 Feb 2013: We've never quite done the right thing for
    // duplicate GIDs here.  Duplicate GIDs have always been counted
    // distinctly in numLocalElements_, and thus should get a
    // different LID.  However, we've always used std::map or a hash
    // table for the GID -> LID lookup table, so distinct GIDs always
    // map to the same LID.  Furthermore, the order of the input GID
    // list matters, so it's not desirable to sort for determining
    // uniqueness.
    //
    // I've chosen for now to write this code as if the input GID list
    // contains no duplicates.  If this is not desired, we could use
    // the lookup table itself to determine uniqueness: If we haven't
    // seen the GID before, it gets a new LID and it's added to the
    // LID -> GID and GID -> LID tables.  If we have seen the GID
    // before, it doesn't get added to either table.  I would
    // implement this, but it would cost more to do the double lookups
    // in the table (one to check, and one to insert).
    //
    // More importantly, since we build the GID -> LID table in (a
    // thread-) parallel (way), the order in which duplicate GIDs may
    // get inserted is not defined.  This would make the assignment of
    // LID to GID nondeterministic.

    numLocalElements_ = numLocalElements;
    indexBase_ = indexBase;

    minMyGID_ = indexBase_;
    maxMyGID_ = indexBase_;

    // NOTE (mfh 27 May 2015): While finding the initial contiguous
    // GID range requires looking at all the GIDs in the range,
    // dismissing an interval of GIDs only requires looking at the
    // first and last GIDs.  Thus, we could do binary search backwards
    // from the end in order to catch the common case of a contiguous
    // interval followed by noncontiguous entries.  On the other hand,
    // we could just expose this case explicitly as yet another Map
    // constructor, and avoid the trouble of detecting it.
    if (numLocalElements_ > 0) {
      // Find contiguous GID range, with the restriction that the
      // beginning of the range starts with the first entry.  While
      // doing so, fill in the LID -> GID table.
      typename decltype (lgMap_)::non_const_type lgMap
        (view_alloc ("lgMap", WithoutInitializing), numLocalElements_);

      // Because you can't use lambdas in constructors on CUDA.  Or using private/protected data.
      // DEEP_COPY REVIEW - DEVICE-TO-DEVICE
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename device_type::execution_space(),lgMap,entryList);
      LO lastContiguousGID_loc;
      computeConstantsOnDevice(entryList,minMyGID_,maxMyGID_,firstContiguousGID_,lastContiguousGID_,lastContiguousGID_loc);
      LO firstNonContiguous_loc = lastContiguousGID_loc+1;
      auto nonContigGids = Kokkos::subview(entryList,std::pair<size_t,size_t>(firstNonContiguous_loc,entryList.extent(0)));

      // NOTE: We do not fill the glMapHost_ and lgMapHost_ views here.  They will be filled lazily later
      glMap_ = global_to_local_table_type(nonContigGids,
                                          firstNonContiguous_loc);

      // "Commit" the local-to-global lookup table we filled in above.
      lgMap_ = lgMap;
     
    }
    else {
      minMyGID_ = std::numeric_limits<GlobalOrdinal>::max();
      maxMyGID_ = std::numeric_limits<GlobalOrdinal>::lowest();
      // This insures tests for GIDs in the range
      // [firstContiguousGID_, lastContiguousGID_] fail for processes
      // with no local elements.
      firstContiguousGID_ = indexBase_+1;
      lastContiguousGID_ = indexBase_;
      // glMap_ was default constructed, so it's already empty.
    }


    // Compute the min and max of all processes' GIDs.  If
    // numLocalElements_ == 0 on this process, minMyGID_ and maxMyGID_
    // are both indexBase_.  This is wrong, but fixing it would
    // require either a fancy sparse all-reduce, or a custom reduction
    // operator that ignores invalid values ("invalid" means
    // Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GO>::invalid()).
    //
    // Also, while we're at it, use the same all-reduce to figure out
    // if the Map is distributed.  "Distributed" means that there is
    // at least one process with a number of local elements less than
    // the number of global elements.
    //
    // We're computing the min and max of all processes' GIDs using a
    // single MAX all-reduce, because min(x,y) = -max(-x,-y) (when x
    // and y are signed).  (This lets us combine the min and max into
    // a single all-reduce.)  If each process sets localDist=1 if its
    // number of local elements is strictly less than the number of
    // global elements, and localDist=0 otherwise, then a MAX
    // all-reduce on localDist tells us if the Map is distributed (1
    // if yes, 0 if no).  Thus, we can append localDist onto the end
    // of the data and get the global result from the all-reduce.
    if (std::numeric_limits<GO>::is_signed) {
      // Does my process NOT own all the elements?
      const GO localDist =
        (as<GST> (numLocalElements_) < numGlobalElements_) ? 1 : 0;

      GO minMaxInput[3];
      minMaxInput[0] = -minMyGID_;
      minMaxInput[1] = maxMyGID_;
      minMaxInput[2] = localDist;

      GO minMaxOutput[3];
      minMaxOutput[0] = 0;
      minMaxOutput[1] = 0;
      minMaxOutput[2] = 0;
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm, REDUCE_MAX, 3, minMaxInput, minMaxOutput);
      minAllGID_ = -minMaxOutput[0];
      maxAllGID_ = minMaxOutput[1];
      const GO globalDist = minMaxOutput[2];
      distributed_ = (comm_->getSize () > 1 && globalDist == 1);
    }
    else { // unsigned; use two reductions
      // This is always correct, no matter the signedness of GO.
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm_, REDUCE_MIN, minMyGID_, outArg (minAllGID_));
      reduceAll<int, GO> (*comm_, REDUCE_MAX, maxMyGID_, outArg (maxAllGID_));
      distributed_ = checkIsDist ();
    }

    contiguous_  = false; // "Contiguous" is conservative.

    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      minAllGID_ < indexBase_,
      std::invalid_argument,
      "Tpetra::Map constructor (noncontiguous): "
      "Minimum global ID = " << minAllGID_ << " over all process(es) is "
      "less than the given indexBase = " << indexBase_ << ".");

    // Create the Directory on demand in getRemoteIndexList().
    //setupDirectory ();

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::~Map ()
  {
    if (! Kokkos::is_initialized ()) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << "WARNING: Tpetra::Map destructor (~Map()) is being called after "
        "Kokkos::finalize() has been called.  This is user error!  There are "
        "two likely causes: " << std::endl <<
        "  1. You have a static Tpetra::Map (or RCP or shared_ptr of a Map)"
         << std::endl <<
        "  2. You declare and construct a Tpetra::Map (or RCP or shared_ptr "
        "of a Tpetra::Map) at the same scope in main() as Kokkos::finalize() "
        "or Tpetra::finalize()." << std::endl << std::endl <<
        "Don't do either of these!  Please refer to GitHib Issue #2372."
         << std::endl;
      ::Tpetra::Details::printOnce (std::cerr, os.str (),
                                    this->getComm ().getRawPtr ());
    }
    else {
      using ::Tpetra::Details::mpiIsInitialized;
      using ::Tpetra::Details::mpiIsFinalized;
      using ::Tpetra::Details::teuchosCommIsAnMpiComm;

      Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> > comm = this->getComm ();
      if (! comm.is_null () && teuchosCommIsAnMpiComm (*comm) &&
          mpiIsInitialized () && mpiIsFinalized ()) {
        // Tpetra itself does not require MPI, even if building with
        // MPI.  It is legal to create Tpetra objects that do not use
        // MPI, even in an MPI program.  However, calling Tpetra stuff
        // after MPI_Finalize() has been called is a bad idea, since
        // some Tpetra defaults may use MPI if available.
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << "WARNING: Tpetra::Map destructor (~Map()) is being called after "
          "MPI_Finalize() has been called.  This is user error!  There are "
          "two likely causes: " << std::endl <<
          "  1. You have a static Tpetra::Map (or RCP or shared_ptr of a Map)"
           << std::endl <<
          "  2. You declare and construct a Tpetra::Map (or RCP or shared_ptr "
          "of a Tpetra::Map) at the same scope in main() as MPI_finalize() or "
          "Tpetra::finalize()." << std::endl << std::endl <<
          "Don't do either of these!  Please refer to GitHib Issue #2372."
           << std::endl;
        ::Tpetra::Details::printOnce (std::cerr, os.str (), comm.getRawPtr ());
      }
    }
    // mfh 20 Mar 2018: We can't check Tpetra::isInitialized() yet,
    // because Tpetra does not yet require Tpetra::initialize /
    // Tpetra::finalize.
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::isOneToOne () const
  {
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      getComm ().is_null (), std::logic_error, "Tpetra::Map::isOneToOne: "
      "getComm() returns null.  Please report this bug to the Tpetra "
      "developers.");

    // This is a collective operation, if it hasn't been called before.
    setupDirectory ();
    return directory_->isOneToOne (*this);
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  LocalOrdinal
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  getLocalElement (GlobalOrdinal globalIndex) const
  {
    if (isContiguous ()) {
      if (globalIndex < getMinGlobalIndex () ||
          globalIndex > getMaxGlobalIndex ()) {
        return Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<LocalOrdinal>::invalid ();
      }
      return static_cast<LocalOrdinal> (globalIndex - getMinGlobalIndex ());
    }
    else if (globalIndex >= firstContiguousGID_ &&
             globalIndex <= lastContiguousGID_) {
      return static_cast<LocalOrdinal> (globalIndex - firstContiguousGID_);
    }
    else {
      // If the given global index is not in the table, this returns
      // the same value as OrdinalTraits<LocalOrdinal>::invalid().
      // glMapHost_ is Host and does not assume UVM
      lazyPushToHost();
      return glMapHost_.get (globalIndex);
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  GlobalOrdinal
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  getGlobalElement (LocalOrdinal localIndex) const
  {
    if (localIndex < getMinLocalIndex () || localIndex > getMaxLocalIndex ()) {
      return Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::invalid ();
    }
    if (isContiguous ()) {
      return getMinGlobalIndex () + localIndex;
    }
    else {
      // This is a host Kokkos::View access, with no RCP or ArrayRCP
      // involvement.  As a result, it is thread safe.
      //
      // lgMapHost_ is a host pointer; this does NOT assume UVM.
      lazyPushToHost();
      return lgMapHost_[localIndex];
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  isNodeLocalElement (LocalOrdinal localIndex) const
  {
    if (localIndex < getMinLocalIndex () || localIndex > getMaxLocalIndex ()) {
      return false;
    } else {
      return true;
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  isNodeGlobalElement (GlobalOrdinal globalIndex) const {
    return this->getLocalElement (globalIndex) !=
      Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<LocalOrdinal>::invalid ();
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::isUniform () const {
    return uniform_;
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::isContiguous () const {
    return contiguous_;
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  typename Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::local_map_type
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  getLocalMap () const
  {
    return local_map_type (glMap_, lgMap_, getIndexBase (),
                           getMinGlobalIndex (), getMaxGlobalIndex (),
                           firstContiguousGID_, lastContiguousGID_,
                           getLocalNumElements (), isContiguous ());
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  isCompatible (const Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node> &map) const
  {
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    //
    // Tests that avoid the Boolean all-reduce below by using
    // globally consistent quantities.
    //
    if (this == &map) {
      // Pointer equality on one process always implies pointer
      // equality on all processes, since Map is immutable.
      return true;
    }
    else if (getComm ()->getSize () != map.getComm ()->getSize ()) {
      // The two communicators have different numbers of processes.
      // It's not correct to call isCompatible() in that case.  This
      // may result in the all-reduce hanging below.
      return false;
    }
    else if (getGlobalNumElements () != map.getGlobalNumElements ()) {
      // Two Maps are definitely NOT compatible if they have different
      // global numbers of indices.
      return false;
    }
    else if (isContiguous () && isUniform () &&
             map.isContiguous () && map.isUniform ()) {
      // Contiguous uniform Maps with the same number of processes in
      // their communicators, and with the same global numbers of
      // indices, are always compatible.
      return true;
    }
    else if (! isContiguous () && ! map.isContiguous () &&
             lgMap_.extent (0) != 0 && map.lgMap_.extent (0) != 0 &&
             lgMap_.data () == map.lgMap_.data ()) {
      // Noncontiguous Maps whose global index lists are nonempty and
      // have the same pointer must be the same (and therefore
      // contiguous).
      //
      // Nonempty is important.  For example, consider a communicator
      // with two processes, and two Maps that share this
      // communicator, with zero global indices on the first process,
      // and different nonzero numbers of global indices on the second
      // process.  In that case, on the first process, the pointers
      // would both be NULL.
      return true;
    }

    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      getGlobalNumElements () != map.getGlobalNumElements (), std::logic_error,
      "Tpetra::Map::isCompatible: There's a bug in this method.  We've already "
      "checked that this condition is true above, but it's false here.  "
      "Please report this bug to the Tpetra developers.");

    // Do both Maps have the same number of indices on each process?
    const int locallyCompat =
      (getLocalNumElements () == map.getLocalNumElements ()) ? 1 : 0;

    int globallyCompat = 0;
    reduceAll<int, int> (*comm_, REDUCE_MIN, locallyCompat, outArg (globallyCompat));
    return (globallyCompat == 1);
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  locallySameAs (const Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>& map) const
  {
    using Teuchos::ArrayView;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using size_type = typename ArrayView<const GO>::size_type;

    // If both Maps are contiguous, we can compare their GID ranges
    // easily by looking at the min and max GID on this process.
    // Otherwise, we'll compare their GID lists.  If only one Map is
    // contiguous, then we only have to call getLocalElementList() on
    // the noncontiguous Map.  (It's best to avoid calling it on a
    // contiguous Map, since it results in unnecessary storage that
    // persists for the lifetime of the Map.)

    if (this == &map) {
      // Pointer equality on one process always implies pointer
      // equality on all processes, since Map is immutable.
      return true;
    }
    else if (getLocalNumElements () != map.getLocalNumElements ()) {
      return false;
    }
    else if (getMinGlobalIndex () != map.getMinGlobalIndex () ||
             getMaxGlobalIndex () != map.getMaxGlobalIndex ()) {
      return false;
    }
    else {
      if (isContiguous ()) {
        if (map.isContiguous ()) {
          return true; // min and max match, so the ranges match.
        }
        else { // *this is contiguous, but map is not contiguous
          TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
            ! this->isContiguous () || map.isContiguous (), std::logic_error,
            "Tpetra::Map::locallySameAs: BUG");
          ArrayView<const GO> rhsElts = map.getLocalElementList ();
          const GO minLhsGid = this->getMinGlobalIndex ();
          const size_type numRhsElts = rhsElts.size ();
          for (size_type k = 0; k < numRhsElts; ++k) {
            const GO curLhsGid = minLhsGid + static_cast<GO> (k);
            if (curLhsGid != rhsElts[k]) {
              return false; // stop on first mismatch
            }
          }
          return true;
        }
      }
      else if (map.isContiguous ()) { // *this is not contiguous, but map is
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
          this->isContiguous () || ! map.isContiguous (), std::logic_error,
          "Tpetra::Map::locallySameAs: BUG");
        ArrayView<const GO> lhsElts = this->getLocalElementList ();
        const GO minRhsGid = map.getMinGlobalIndex ();
        const size_type numLhsElts = lhsElts.size ();
        for (size_type k = 0; k < numLhsElts; ++k) {
          const GO curRhsGid = minRhsGid + static_cast<GO> (k);
          if (curRhsGid != lhsElts[k]) {
            return false; // stop on first mismatch
          }
        }
        return true;
      }
      else if (this->lgMap_.data () == map.lgMap_.data ()) {
        // Pointers to LID->GID "map" (actually just an array) are the
        // same, and the number of GIDs are the same.
        return this->getLocalNumElements () == map.getLocalNumElements ();
      }
      else { // we actually have to compare the GIDs
        if (this->getLocalNumElements () != map.getLocalNumElements ()) {
          return false; // We already checked above, but check just in case
        }
        else {
          ArrayView<const GO> lhsElts =     getLocalElementList ();
          ArrayView<const GO> rhsElts = map.getLocalElementList ();

          // std::equal requires that the latter range is as large as
          // the former.  We know the ranges have equal length, because
          // they have the same number of local entries.
          return std::equal (lhsElts.begin (), lhsElts.end (), rhsElts.begin ());
        }
      }
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal,class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  isLocallyFitted (const Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>& map) const
  {
    if (this == &map)
      return true;

    // We are going to check if lmap1 is fitted into lmap2:
    // Is lmap1 (map) a subset of lmap2 (this)?
    // And do the first lmap1.getLocalNumElements() global elements
    // of lmap1,lmap2 owned on each process exactly match?
    auto lmap1 = map.getLocalMap();
    auto lmap2 = this->getLocalMap();

    auto numLocalElements1 = lmap1.getLocalNumElements();
    auto numLocalElements2 = lmap2.getLocalNumElements();

    if (numLocalElements1 > numLocalElements2) {
      // There are more indices in the first map on this process than in second map.
      return false;
    }

    if (lmap1.isContiguous () && lmap2.isContiguous ()) {
      // When both Maps are contiguous, just check the interval inclusion.
      return ((lmap1.getMinGlobalIndex () == lmap2.getMinGlobalIndex ()) &&
              (lmap1.getMaxGlobalIndex () <= lmap2.getMaxGlobalIndex ()));
    }

    if (lmap1.getMinGlobalIndex () < lmap2.getMinGlobalIndex () ||
        lmap1.getMaxGlobalIndex () > lmap2.getMaxGlobalIndex ()) {
      // The second map does not include the first map bounds, and thus some of
      // the first map global indices are not in the second map.
      return false;
    }

    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using range_type =
      Kokkos::RangePolicy<LO, typename node_type::execution_space>;

    // Check all elements.
    LO numDiff = 0;
    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(
      "isLocallyFitted",
      range_type(0, numLocalElements1),
      KOKKOS_LAMBDA (const LO i, LO& diff) {
        diff += (lmap1.getGlobalElement(i) != lmap2.getGlobalElement(i));
      }, numDiff);

    return (numDiff == 0);
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  isSameAs (const Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node> &map) const
  {
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    //
    // Tests that avoid the Boolean all-reduce below by using
    // globally consistent quantities.
    //
    if (this == &map) {
      // Pointer equality on one process always implies pointer
      // equality on all processes, since Map is immutable.
      return true;
    }
    else if (getComm ()->getSize () != map.getComm ()->getSize ()) {
      // The two communicators have different numbers of processes.
      // It's not correct to call isSameAs() in that case.  This
      // may result in the all-reduce hanging below.
      return false;
    }
    else if (getGlobalNumElements () != map.getGlobalNumElements ()) {
      // Two Maps are definitely NOT the same if they have different
      // global numbers of indices.
      return false;
    }
    else if (getMinAllGlobalIndex () != map.getMinAllGlobalIndex () ||
             getMaxAllGlobalIndex () != map.getMaxAllGlobalIndex () ||
             getIndexBase () != map.getIndexBase ()) {
      // If the global min or max global index doesn't match, or if
      // the index base doesn't match, then the Maps aren't the same.
      return false;
    }
    else if (isDistributed () != map.isDistributed ()) {
      // One Map is distributed and the other is not, which means that
      // the Maps aren't the same.
      return false;
    }
    else if (isContiguous () && isUniform () &&
             map.isContiguous () && map.isUniform ()) {
      // Contiguous uniform Maps with the same number of processes in
      // their communicators, with the same global numbers of indices,
      // and with matching index bases and ranges, must be the same.
      return true;
    }

    // The two communicators must have the same number of processes,
    // with process ranks occurring in the same order.  This uses
    // MPI_COMM_COMPARE.  The MPI 3.1 standard (Section 6.4) says:
    // "Operations that access communicators are local and their
    // execution does not require interprocess communication."
    // However, just to be sure, I'll put this call after the above
    // tests that don't communicate.
    if (! ::Tpetra::Details::congruent (*comm_, * (map.getComm ()))) {
      return false;
    }

    // If we get this far, we need to check local properties and then
    // communicate local sameness across all processes.
    const int isSame_lcl = locallySameAs (map) ? 1 : 0;

    // Return true if and only if all processes report local sameness.
    int isSame_gbl = 0;
    reduceAll<int, int> (*comm_, REDUCE_MIN, isSame_lcl, outArg (isSame_gbl));
    return isSame_gbl == 1;
  }

  namespace { // (anonymous)
    template <class LO, class GO, class DT>
    class FillLgMap {
    public:
      FillLgMap (const Kokkos::View<GO*, DT>& lgMap,
                 const GO startGid) :
        lgMap_ (lgMap), startGid_ (startGid)
      {
        Kokkos::RangePolicy<LO, typename DT::execution_space>
          range (static_cast<LO> (0), static_cast<LO> (lgMap.size ()));
        Kokkos::parallel_for (range, *this);
      }

      KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION void operator () (const LO& lid) const {
        lgMap_(lid) = startGid_ + static_cast<GO> (lid);
      }

    private:
      const Kokkos::View<GO*, DT> lgMap_;
      const GO startGid_;
    };

  } // namespace (anonymous)


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  typename Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::global_indices_array_type
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::getMyGlobalIndices () const
  {
    using std::endl;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using const_lg_view_type = decltype(lgMap_);
    using lg_view_type = typename const_lg_view_type::non_const_type;
    const bool debug = Details::Behavior::debug("Map");
    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");

    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", "getMyGlobalIndices");
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }

    // If the local-to-global mapping doesn't exist yet, and if we
    // have local entries, then create and fill the local-to-global
    // mapping.
    const bool needToCreateLocalToGlobalMapping =
      lgMap_.extent (0) == 0 && numLocalElements_ > 0;

    if (needToCreateLocalToGlobalMapping) {
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Need to create lgMap" << endl;
        std::cerr << os.str();
      }
      if (debug) {
        // The local-to-global mapping should have been set up already
        // for a noncontiguous map.
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
          (! isContiguous(), std::logic_error,
           "Tpetra::Map::getMyGlobalIndices: The local-to-global "
           "mapping (lgMap_) should have been set up already for a "
           "noncontiguous Map.  Please report this bug to the Tpetra "
           "developers.");
      }
      const LO numElts = static_cast<LO> (getLocalNumElements ());

      using Kokkos::view_alloc;
      using Kokkos::WithoutInitializing;
      lg_view_type lgMap ("lgMap", numElts);
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Fill lgMap" << endl;
        std::cerr << os.str();
      }
      FillLgMap<LO, GO, device_type> fillIt (lgMap, minMyGID_);

      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Copy lgMap to lgMapHost" << endl;
        std::cerr << os.str();
      }
      
      auto lgMapHost = Kokkos::create_mirror_view (Kokkos::HostSpace (), lgMap);
      // DEEP_COPY REVIEW - DEVICE-TO-HOST
      auto exec_instance = execution_space();
      Kokkos::deep_copy (exec_instance, lgMapHost, lgMap);

      // There's a non-trivial chance we'll grab this on the host,
      // so let's make sure the copy finishes
      exec_instance.fence();
      
      // "Commit" the local-to-global lookup table we filled in above.
      lgMap_ = lgMap;
      lgMapHost_ = lgMapHost;
    }
    else {
      lazyPushToHost();
    }

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    return lgMapHost_;
  }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  typename Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::global_indices_array_device_type
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::getMyGlobalIndicesDevice () const
  {
    using std::endl;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using const_lg_view_type = decltype(lgMap_);
    using lg_view_type = typename const_lg_view_type::non_const_type;
    const bool debug = Details::Behavior::debug("Map");
    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");

    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", "getMyGlobalIndicesDevice");
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }

    // If the local-to-global mapping doesn't exist yet, and if we
    // have local entries, then create and fill the local-to-global
    // mapping.
    const bool needToCreateLocalToGlobalMapping =
      lgMap_.extent (0) == 0 && numLocalElements_ > 0;

    if (needToCreateLocalToGlobalMapping) {
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Need to create lgMap" << endl;
        std::cerr << os.str();
      }
      if (debug) {
        // The local-to-global mapping should have been set up already
        // for a noncontiguous map.
        TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
          (! isContiguous(), std::logic_error,
           "Tpetra::Map::getMyGlobalIndices: The local-to-global "
           "mapping (lgMap_) should have been set up already for a "
           "noncontiguous Map.  Please report this bug to the Tpetra "
           "developers.");
      }
      const LO numElts = static_cast<LO> (getLocalNumElements ());

      using Kokkos::view_alloc;
      using Kokkos::WithoutInitializing;
      lg_view_type lgMap ("lgMap", numElts);
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Fill lgMap" << endl;
        std::cerr << os.str();
      }
      FillLgMap<LO, GO, device_type> fillIt (lgMap, minMyGID_);

      // "Commit" the local-to-global lookup table we filled in above.
      lgMap_ = lgMap;
    }
    
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    return lgMap_;
  }



  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal>
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::getLocalElementList () const
  {
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;

    // If the local-to-global mapping doesn't exist yet, and if we
    // have local entries, then create and fill the local-to-global
    // mapping.
    (void) this->getMyGlobalIndices ();

    // This does NOT assume UVM; lgMapHost_ is a host pointer.
    lazyPushToHost();
    const GO* lgMapHostRawPtr = lgMapHost_.data ();
    // The third argument forces ArrayView not to try to track memory
    // in a debug build.  We have to use it because the memory does
    // not belong to a Teuchos memory management class.
    return Teuchos::ArrayView<const GO>(
      lgMapHostRawPtr,
      lgMapHost_.extent (0),
      Teuchos::RCP_DISABLE_NODE_LOOKUP);
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::isDistributed() const {
    return distributed_;
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  std::string Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::description() const {
    using Teuchos::TypeNameTraits;
    std::ostringstream os;

    os << "Tpetra::Map: {"
       << "LocalOrdinalType: " << TypeNameTraits<LocalOrdinal>::name ()
       << ", GlobalOrdinalType: " << TypeNameTraits<GlobalOrdinal>::name ()
       << ", NodeType: " << TypeNameTraits<Node>::name ();
    if (this->getObjectLabel () != "") {
      os << ", Label: \"" << this->getObjectLabel () << "\"";
    }
    os << ", Global number of entries: " << getGlobalNumElements ()
       << ", Number of processes: " << getComm ()->getSize ()
       << ", Uniform: " << (isUniform () ? "true" : "false")
       << ", Contiguous: " << (isContiguous () ? "true" : "false")
       << ", Distributed: " << (isDistributed () ? "true" : "false")
       << "}";
    return os.str ();
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  std::string
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  localDescribeToString (const Teuchos::EVerbosityLevel vl) const
  {
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using std::endl;

    // This preserves current behavior of Map.
    if (vl < Teuchos::VERB_HIGH) {
      return std::string ();
    }
    auto outStringP = Teuchos::rcp (new std::ostringstream ());
    Teuchos::RCP<Teuchos::FancyOStream> outp =
      Teuchos::getFancyOStream (outStringP);
    Teuchos::FancyOStream& out = *outp;

    auto comm = this->getComm ();
    const int myRank = comm->getRank ();
    const int numProcs = comm->getSize ();
    out << "Process " << myRank << " of " << numProcs << ":" << endl;
    Teuchos::OSTab tab1 (out);

    const LO numEnt = static_cast<LO> (this->getLocalNumElements ());
    out << "My number of entries: " << numEnt << endl
        << "My minimum global index: " << this->getMinGlobalIndex () << endl
        << "My maximum global index: " << this->getMaxGlobalIndex () << endl;

    if (vl == Teuchos::VERB_EXTREME) {
      out << "My global indices: [";
      const LO minLclInd = this->getMinLocalIndex ();
      for (LO k = 0; k < numEnt; ++k) {
        out << minLclInd + this->getGlobalElement (k);
        if (k + 1 < numEnt) {
          out << ", ";
        }
      }
      out << "]" << endl;
    }

    out.flush (); // make sure the ostringstream got everything
    return outStringP->str ();
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  void
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  describe (Teuchos::FancyOStream &out,
            const Teuchos::EVerbosityLevel verbLevel) const
  {
    using Teuchos::TypeNameTraits;
    using Teuchos::VERB_DEFAULT;
    using Teuchos::VERB_NONE;
    using Teuchos::VERB_LOW;
    using Teuchos::VERB_HIGH;
    using std::endl;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    const Teuchos::EVerbosityLevel vl =
      (verbLevel == VERB_DEFAULT) ? VERB_LOW : verbLevel;

    if (vl == VERB_NONE) {
      return; // don't print anything
    }
    // If this Map's Comm is null, then the Map does not participate
    // in collective operations with the other processes.  In that
    // case, it is not even legal to call this method.  The reasonable
    // thing to do in that case is nothing.
    auto comm = this->getComm ();
    if (comm.is_null ()) {
      return;
    }
    const int myRank = comm->getRank ();
    const int numProcs = comm->getSize ();

    // Only Process 0 should touch the output stream, but this method
    // in general may need to do communication.  Thus, we may need to
    // preserve the current tab level across multiple "if (myRank ==
    // 0) { ... }" inner scopes.  This is why we sometimes create
    // OSTab instances by pointer, instead of by value.  We only need
    // to create them by pointer if the tab level must persist through
    // multiple inner scopes.
    Teuchos::RCP<Teuchos::OSTab> tab0, tab1;

    if (myRank == 0) {
      // At every verbosity level but VERB_NONE, Process 0 prints.
      // By convention, describe() always begins with a tab before
      // printing.
      tab0 = Teuchos::rcp (new Teuchos::OSTab (out));
      out << "\"Tpetra::Map\":" << endl;
      tab1 = Teuchos::rcp (new Teuchos::OSTab (out));
      {
        out << "Template parameters:" << endl;
        Teuchos::OSTab tab2 (out);
        out << "LocalOrdinal: " << TypeNameTraits<LO>::name () << endl
            << "GlobalOrdinal: " << TypeNameTraits<GO>::name () << endl
            << "Node: " << TypeNameTraits<Node>::name () << endl;
      }
      const std::string label = this->getObjectLabel ();
      if (label != "") {
        out << "Label: \"" << label << "\"" << endl;
      }
      out << "Global number of entries: " << getGlobalNumElements () << endl
          << "Minimum global index: " << getMinAllGlobalIndex () << endl
          << "Maximum global index: " << getMaxAllGlobalIndex () << endl
          << "Index base: " << getIndexBase () << endl
          << "Number of processes: " << numProcs << endl
          << "Uniform: " << (isUniform () ? "true" : "false") << endl
          << "Contiguous: " << (isContiguous () ? "true" : "false") << endl
          << "Distributed: " << (isDistributed () ? "true" : "false") << endl;
    }

    // This is collective over the Map's communicator.
    if (vl >= VERB_HIGH) { // VERB_HIGH or VERB_EXTREME
      const std::string lclStr = this->localDescribeToString (vl);
      Tpetra::Details::gathervPrint (out, lclStr, *comm);
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
  Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>::
  replaceCommWithSubset (const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& newComm) const
  {
    using Teuchos::RCP;
    using Teuchos::rcp;
    using GST = global_size_t;
    using LO = local_ordinal_type;
    using GO = global_ordinal_type;
    using map_type = Map<LO, GO, Node>;

    // mfh 26 Mar 2013: The lazy way to do this is simply to recreate
    // the Map by calling its ordinary public constructor, using the
    // original Map's data.  This only involves O(1) all-reduces over
    // the new communicator, which in the common case only includes a
    // small number of processes.

    // Create the Map to return.
    if (newComm.is_null () || newComm->getSize () < 1) {
      return Teuchos::null; // my process does not participate in the new Map
    }
    else if (newComm->getSize () == 1) {
      lazyPushToHost();

      // The case where the new communicator has only one process is
      // easy.  We don't have to communicate to get all the
      // information we need.  Use the default comm to create the new
      // Map, then fill in all the fields directly.
      RCP<map_type> newMap (new map_type ());

      newMap->comm_ = newComm;
      // mfh 07 Oct 2016: Preserve original behavior, even though the
      // original index base may no longer be the globally min global
      // index.  See #616 for why this doesn't matter so much anymore.
      newMap->indexBase_ = this->indexBase_;
      newMap->numGlobalElements_ = this->numLocalElements_;
      newMap->numLocalElements_ = this->numLocalElements_;
      newMap->minMyGID_ = this->minMyGID_;
      newMap->maxMyGID_ = this->maxMyGID_;
      newMap->minAllGID_ = this->minMyGID_;
      newMap->maxAllGID_ = this->maxMyGID_;
      newMap->firstContiguousGID_ = this->firstContiguousGID_;
      newMap->lastContiguousGID_ = this->lastContiguousGID_;
      // Since the new communicator has only one process, neither
      // uniformity nor contiguity have changed.
      newMap->uniform_ = this->uniform_;
      newMap->contiguous_ = this->contiguous_;
      // The new communicator only has one process, so the new Map is
      // not distributed.
      newMap->distributed_ = false;
      newMap->lgMap_ = this->lgMap_;
      newMap->lgMapHost_ = this->lgMapHost_;
      newMap->glMap_ = this->glMap_;
      newMap->glMapHost_ = this->glMapHost_;
      // It's OK not to initialize the new Map's Directory.
      // This is initialized lazily, on first call to getRemoteIndexList.

      return newMap;
    }
    else { // newComm->getSize() != 1
      // Even if the original Map is contiguous, the new Map might not
      // be, especially if the excluded processes have ranks != 0 or
      // newComm->getSize()-1.  The common case for this method is to
      // exclude many (possibly even all but one) processes, so it
      // likely doesn't pay to do the global communication (over the
      // original communicator) to figure out whether we can optimize
      // the result Map.  Thus, we just set up the result Map as
      // noncontiguous.
      //
      // TODO (mfh 07 Oct 2016) We don't actually need to reconstruct
      // the global-to-local table, etc.  Optimize this code path to
      // avoid unnecessary local work.

      // Make Map (re)compute the global number of elements.
      const GST RECOMPUTE = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
      // TODO (mfh 07 Oct 2016) If we use any Map constructor, we have
      // to use the noncontiguous Map constructor, since the new Map
      // might not be contiguous.  Even if the old Map was contiguous,
      // some process in the "middle" might have been excluded.  If we
      // want to avoid local work, we either have to do the setup by
      // hand, or write a new Map constructor.
#if 1
      // The disabled code here throws the following exception in
      // Map's replaceCommWithSubset test:
      //
      // Throw test that evaluated to true: static_cast<unsigned long long> (numKeys) > static_cast<unsigned long long> (::Kokkos::ArithTraits<ValueType>::max ())
      // 10:
      // 10:   Tpetra::Details::FixedHashTable: The number of keys -3 is greater than the maximum representable ValueType value 2147483647.  This means that it is not possible to use this constructor.
      // 10:   Process 3: origComm->replaceCommWithSubset(subsetComm) threw an exception: /scratch/prj/Trilinos/Trilinos/packages/tpetra/core/src/Tpetra_Details_FixedHashTable_def.hpp:1044:

      auto lgMap = this->getMyGlobalIndices ();
      using size_type =
        typename std::decay<decltype (lgMap.extent (0)) >::type;
      const size_type lclNumInds =
        static_cast<size_type> (this->getLocalNumElements ());
      using Teuchos::TypeNameTraits;
      TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION
        (lgMap.extent (0) != lclNumInds, std::logic_error,
         "Tpetra::Map::replaceCommWithSubset: Result of getMyGlobalIndices() "
         "has length " << lgMap.extent (0) << " (of type " <<
         TypeNameTraits<size_type>::name () << ") != this->getLocalNumElements()"
         " = " << this->getLocalNumElements () << ".  The latter, upon being "
         "cast to size_type = " << TypeNameTraits<size_type>::name () << ", "
         "becomes " << lclNumInds << ".  Please report this bug to the Tpetra "
         "developers.");
#else
      Teuchos::ArrayView<const GO> lgMap = this->getLocalElementList ();
#endif // 1

      const GO indexBase = this->getIndexBase ();
      // map stores HostSpace of CudaSpace but constructor is still CudaUVMSpace
      auto lgMap_device = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(device_type(), lgMap);
      return rcp (new map_type (RECOMPUTE, lgMap_device, indexBase, newComm));
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
  Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>::
  removeEmptyProcesses () const
  {
    using Teuchos::Comm;
    using Teuchos::null;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::RCP;
    using Teuchos::rcp;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;

    // Create the new communicator.  split() returns a valid
    // communicator on all processes.  On processes where color == 0,
    // ignore the result.  Passing key == 0 tells MPI to order the
    // processes in the new communicator by their rank in the old
    // communicator.
    const int color = (numLocalElements_ == 0) ? 0 : 1;
    // MPI_Comm_split must be called collectively over the original
    // communicator.  We can't just call it on processes with color
    // one, even though we will ignore its result on processes with
    // color zero.
    RCP<const Comm<int> > newComm = comm_->split (color, 0);
    if (color == 0) {
      newComm = null;
    }

    // Create the Map to return.
    if (newComm.is_null ()) {
      return null; // my process does not participate in the new Map
    } else {
      RCP<Map> map            = rcp (new Map ());

      map->comm_              = newComm;
      map->indexBase_         = indexBase_;
      map->numGlobalElements_ = numGlobalElements_;
      map->numLocalElements_  = numLocalElements_;
      map->minMyGID_          = minMyGID_;
      map->maxMyGID_          = maxMyGID_;
      map->minAllGID_         = minAllGID_;
      map->maxAllGID_         = maxAllGID_;
      map->firstContiguousGID_= firstContiguousGID_;
      map->lastContiguousGID_ = lastContiguousGID_;

      // Uniformity and contiguity have not changed.  The directory
      // has changed, but we've taken care of that above.
      map->uniform_    = uniform_;
      map->contiguous_ = contiguous_;

      // If the original Map was NOT distributed, then the new Map
      // cannot be distributed.
      //
      // If the number of processes in the new communicator is 1, then
      // the new Map is not distributed.
      //
      // Otherwise, we have to check the new Map using an all-reduce
      // (over the new communicator).  For example, the original Map
      // may have had some processes with zero elements, and all other
      // processes with the same number of elements as in the whole
      // Map.  That Map is technically distributed, because of the
      // processes with zero elements.  Removing those processes would
      // make the new Map locally replicated.
      if (! distributed_ || newComm->getSize () == 1) {
        map->distributed_ = false;
      } else {
        const int iOwnAllGids = (numLocalElements_ == numGlobalElements_) ? 1 : 0;
        int allProcsOwnAllGids = 0;
        reduceAll<int, int> (*newComm, REDUCE_MIN, iOwnAllGids, outArg (allProcsOwnAllGids));
        map->distributed_ = (allProcsOwnAllGids == 1) ? false : true;
      }

      map->lgMap_ = lgMap_;
      map->lgMapHost_ = lgMapHost_;
      map->glMap_ = glMap_;
      map->glMapHost_ = glMapHost_;

      // Map's default constructor creates an uninitialized Directory.
      // The Directory will be initialized on demand in
      // getRemoteIndexList().
      //
      // FIXME (mfh 26 Mar 2013) It should be possible to "filter" the
      // directory more efficiently than just recreating it.  If
      // directory recreation proves a bottleneck, we can always
      // revisit this.  On the other hand, Directory creation is only
      // collective over the new, presumably much smaller
      // communicator, so it may not be worth the effort to optimize.

      return map;
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  void
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::setupDirectory () const
  {
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      directory_.is_null (), std::logic_error, "Tpetra::Map::setupDirectory: "
      "The Directory is null.  "
      "Please report this bug to the Tpetra developers.");

    // Only create the Directory if it hasn't been created yet.
    // This is a collective operation.
    if (! directory_->initialized ()) {
      directory_->initialize (*this);
    }
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  LookupStatus
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  getRemoteIndexList (const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal>& GIDs,
                      const Teuchos::ArrayView<int>& PIDs,
                      const Teuchos::ArrayView<LocalOrdinal>& LIDs) const
  {
    using Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits;
    using Details::verbosePrintArray;
    using std::endl;
    using size_type = Teuchos::ArrayView<int>::size_type;

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    const size_t maxNumToPrint = verbose ?
      Details::Behavior::verbosePrintCountThreshold() : size_t(0);
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(comm_.getRawPtr(),
        "Map", "getRemoteIndexList(GIDs,PIDs,LIDs)");
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start: ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, GIDs, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }

    // Empty Maps (i.e., containing no indices on any processes in the
    // Map's communicator) are perfectly valid.  In that case, if the
    // input GID list is nonempty, we fill the output arrays with
    // invalid values, and return IDNotPresent to notify the caller.
    // It's perfectly valid to give getRemoteIndexList GIDs that the
    // Map doesn't own.  SubmapImport test 2 needs this functionality.
    if (getGlobalNumElements () == 0) {
      if (GIDs.size () == 0) {
        if (verbose) {
          std::ostringstream os;
          os << *prefix << "Done; both Map & input are empty" << endl;
          std::cerr << os.str();
        }
        return AllIDsPresent; // trivially
      }
      else {
        if (verbose) {
          std::ostringstream os;
          os << *prefix << "Done: Map is empty on all processes, "
            "so all output PIDs & LIDs are invalid (-1)." << endl;
          std::cerr << os.str();
        }
        for (size_type k = 0; k < PIDs.size (); ++k) {
          PIDs[k] = OrdinalTraits<int>::invalid ();
        }
        for (size_type k = 0; k < LIDs.size (); ++k) {
          LIDs[k] = OrdinalTraits<LocalOrdinal>::invalid ();
        }
        return IDNotPresent;
      }
    }

    // getRemoteIndexList must be called collectively, and Directory
    // initialization is collective too, so it's OK to initialize the
    // Directory on demand.

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Call setupDirectory" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    setupDirectory();
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Call directory_->getDirectoryEntries" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    const Tpetra::LookupStatus retVal =
      directory_->getDirectoryEntries (*this, GIDs, PIDs, LIDs);
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done; getDirectoryEntries returned "
         << (retVal == IDNotPresent ? "IDNotPresent" : "AllIDsPresent")
         << "; ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, PIDs, "PIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << ", ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, LIDs, "LIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    return retVal;
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  LookupStatus
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  getRemoteIndexList (const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal> & GIDs,
                      const Teuchos::ArrayView<int> & PIDs) const
  {
    using Details::verbosePrintArray;
    using std::endl;

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    const size_t maxNumToPrint = verbose ?
      Details::Behavior::verbosePrintCountThreshold() : size_t(0);
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(comm_.getRawPtr(),
        "Map", "getRemoteIndexList(GIDs,PIDs)");
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start: ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, GIDs, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }

    if (getGlobalNumElements () == 0) {
      if (GIDs.size () == 0) {
        if (verbose) {
          std::ostringstream os;
          os << *prefix << "Done; both Map & input are empty" << endl;
          std::cerr << os.str();
        }
        return AllIDsPresent; // trivially
      }
      else {
        if (verbose) {
          std::ostringstream os;
          os << *prefix << "Done: Map is empty on all processes, "
            "so all output PIDs are invalid (-1)." << endl;
          std::cerr << os.str();
        }
        for (Teuchos::ArrayView<int>::size_type k = 0; k < PIDs.size (); ++k) {
          PIDs[k] = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<int>::invalid ();
        }
        return IDNotPresent;
      }
    }

    // getRemoteIndexList must be called collectively, and Directory
    // initialization is collective too, so it's OK to initialize the
    // Directory on demand.

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Call setupDirectory" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    setupDirectory();
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Call directory_->getDirectoryEntries" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    const Tpetra::LookupStatus retVal =
      directory_->getDirectoryEntries(*this, GIDs, PIDs);
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done; getDirectoryEntries returned "
         << (retVal == IDNotPresent ? "IDNotPresent" : "AllIDsPresent")
         << "; ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, PIDs, "PIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    return retVal;
  }

   template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
   void
   Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::lazyPushToHost() const{
     using exec_space = typename Node::device_type::execution_space;
     if(lgMap_.extent(0) != lgMapHost_.extent(0)) {
       Tpetra::Details::ProfilingRegion pr("Map::lazyPushToHost() - pushing data");
       // NOTE: We check lgMap_ and not glMap_, since the latter can
       // be somewhat error prone for contiguous maps

       // create_mirror_view preserves const-ness.  create_mirror does not
       auto lgMap_host = Kokkos::create_mirror(Kokkos::HostSpace (), lgMap_);       

       // Since this was computed on the default stream, we can copy on the stream and then fence
       // the stream
       Kokkos::deep_copy(exec_space(),lgMap_host,lgMap_);
       exec_space().fence();
       lgMapHost_ = lgMap_host;

       // Make host version - when memory spaces match these just do trivial assignment
       glMapHost_ = global_to_local_table_host_type(glMap_);
     }
   }


  template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::getComm () const {
    return comm_;
  }

  template <class LocalOrdinal,class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
  bool
  Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node>::
  checkIsDist() const
  {
    using Teuchos::as;
    using Teuchos::outArg;
    using Teuchos::REDUCE_MIN;
    using Teuchos::reduceAll;
    using std::endl;

    const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
    std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
    if (verbose) {
      prefix = Details::createPrefix(
        comm_.getRawPtr(), "Map", "checkIsDist");
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }

    bool global = false;
    if (comm_->getSize () > 1) {
      // The communicator has more than one process, but that doesn't
      // necessarily mean the Map is distributed.
      int localRep = 0;
      if (numGlobalElements_ == as<global_size_t> (numLocalElements_)) {
        // The number of local elements on this process equals the
        // number of global elements.
        //
        // NOTE (mfh 22 Nov 2011) Does this still work if there were
        // duplicates in the global ID list on input (the third Map
        // constructor), so that the number of local elements (which
        // are not duplicated) on this process could be less than the
        // number of global elements, even if this process owns all
        // the elements?
        localRep = 1;
      }
      int allLocalRep;
      reduceAll<int, int> (*comm_, REDUCE_MIN, localRep, outArg (allLocalRep));
      if (allLocalRep != 1) {
        // At least one process does not own all the elements.
        // This makes the Map a distributed Map.
        global = true;
      }
    }
    // If the communicator has only one process, then the Map is not
    // distributed.

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done; global=" << (global ? "true" : "false")
         << endl;
      std::cerr << os.str();
    }
    return global;
  }

} // namespace Tpetra

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal> >
Tpetra::createLocalMap (const size_t numElements,
                        const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm)
{
  typedef LocalOrdinal LO;
  typedef GlobalOrdinal GO;
  using NT = typename ::Tpetra::Map<LO, GO>::node_type;
  return createLocalMapWithNode<LO, GO, NT> (numElements, comm);
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal> >
Tpetra::createUniformContigMap (const global_size_t numElements,
                                const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm)
{
  typedef LocalOrdinal LO;
  typedef GlobalOrdinal GO;
  using NT = typename ::Tpetra::Map<LO, GO>::node_type;
  return createUniformContigMapWithNode<LO, GO, NT> (numElements, comm);
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
Tpetra::createUniformContigMapWithNode (const global_size_t numElements,
                                        const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm
)
{
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>;
  const GlobalOrdinal indexBase = static_cast<GlobalOrdinal> (0);

  return rcp (new map_type (numElements, indexBase, comm, GloballyDistributed));
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
Tpetra::createLocalMapWithNode (const size_t numElements,
                                const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm
)
{
  using Tpetra::global_size_t;
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>;
  const GlobalOrdinal indexBase = 0;
  const global_size_t globalNumElts = static_cast<global_size_t> (numElements);

  return rcp (new map_type (globalNumElts, indexBase, comm, LocallyReplicated));
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
Tpetra::createContigMapWithNode (const Tpetra::global_size_t numElements,
                                 const size_t localNumElements,
                                 const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm
)
{
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>;
  const GlobalOrdinal indexBase = 0;

  return rcp (new map_type (numElements, localNumElements, indexBase, comm));
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal> >
Tpetra::createContigMap (const Tpetra::global_size_t numElements,
                         const size_t localNumElements,
                         const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm)
{
  typedef LocalOrdinal LO;
  typedef GlobalOrdinal GO;
  using NT = typename Tpetra::Map<LO, GO>::node_type;

  return Tpetra::createContigMapWithNode<LO, GO, NT> (numElements, localNumElements, comm);
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal> >
Tpetra::createNonContigMap(const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal>& elementList,
                           const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm)
{
  typedef LocalOrdinal LO;
  typedef GlobalOrdinal GO;
  using NT = typename Tpetra::Map<LO, GO>::node_type;

  return Tpetra::createNonContigMapWithNode<LO, GO, NT> (elementList, comm);
}

template <class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
Teuchos::RCP< const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node> >
Tpetra::createNonContigMapWithNode (const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GlobalOrdinal>& elementList,
                                    const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> >& comm
)
{
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal, GlobalOrdinal, Node>;
  using GST = Tpetra::global_size_t;
  const GST INV = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
  // FIXME (mfh 22 Jul 2016) This is what I found here, but maybe this
  // shouldn't be zero, given that the index base is supposed to equal
  // the globally min global index?
  const GlobalOrdinal indexBase = 0;

  return rcp (new map_type (INV, elementList, indexBase, comm));
}

template<class LO, class GO, class NT>
Teuchos::RCP<const Tpetra::Map<LO, GO, NT> >
Tpetra::createOneToOne (const Teuchos::RCP<const Tpetra::Map<LO, GO, NT> >& M)
{
  using Details::verbosePrintArray;
  using Teuchos::Array;
  using Teuchos::ArrayView;
  using Teuchos::as;
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using std::cerr;
  using std::endl;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LO, GO, NT>;
  using GST = global_size_t;

  const bool verbose = Details::Behavior::verbose("Map");
  std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
  if (verbose) {
    auto comm = M.is_null() ? Teuchos::null : M->getComm();
    prefix = Details::createPrefix(
      comm.getRawPtr(), "createOneToOne(Map)");
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }
  const size_t maxNumToPrint = verbose ?
    Details::Behavior::verbosePrintCountThreshold() : size_t(0);
  const GST GINV = Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<GST>::invalid ();
  const int myRank = M->getComm ()->getRank ();

  // Bypasses for special cases where either M is known to be
  // one-to-one, or the one-to-one version of M is easy to compute.
  // This is why we take M as an RCP, not as a const reference -- so
  // that we can return M itself if it is 1-to-1.
  if (! M->isDistributed ()) {
    // For a locally replicated Map, we assume that users want to push
    // all the GIDs to Process 0.

    // mfh 05 Nov 2013: getGlobalNumElements() does indeed return what
    // you think it should return, in this special case of a locally
    // replicated contiguous Map.
    const GST numGlobalEntries = M->getGlobalNumElements ();
    if (M->isContiguous()) {
      const size_t numLocalEntries =
        (myRank == 0) ? as<size_t>(numGlobalEntries) : size_t(0);
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Input is locally replicated & contiguous; "
          "numLocalEntries=" << numLocalEntries << endl;
        cerr << os.str ();
      }
      auto retMap =
        rcp(new map_type(numGlobalEntries, numLocalEntries,
                         M->getIndexBase(), M->getComm()));
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
        cerr << os.str ();
      }
      return retMap;
    }
    else {
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Input is locally replicated & noncontiguous"
           << endl;
        cerr << os.str ();
      }
      ArrayView<const GO> myGids =
        (myRank == 0) ? M->getLocalElementList() : Teuchos::null;
      auto retMap =
        rcp(new map_type(GINV, myGids(), M->getIndexBase(),
                         M->getComm()));
      if (verbose) {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
        cerr << os.str ();
      }
      return retMap;
    }
  }
  else if (M->isContiguous ()) {
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Input is distributed & contiguous" << endl;
      cerr << os.str ();
    }
    // Contiguous, distributed Maps are one-to-one by construction.
    // (Locally replicated Maps can be contiguous.)
    return M;
  }
  else {
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Input is distributed & noncontiguous" << endl;
      cerr << os.str ();
    }
    Tpetra::Directory<LO, GO, NT> directory;
    const size_t numMyElems = M->getLocalNumElements ();
    ArrayView<const GO> myElems = M->getLocalElementList ();
    Array<int> owner_procs_vec (numMyElems);

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Call Directory::getDirectoryEntries: ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, myElems, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      cerr << os.str();
    }
    directory.getDirectoryEntries (*M, myElems, owner_procs_vec ());
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "getDirectoryEntries result: ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, owner_procs_vec, "PIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      cerr << os.str();
    }

    Array<GO> myOwned_vec (numMyElems);
    size_t numMyOwnedElems = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < numMyElems; ++i) {
      const GO GID = myElems[i];
      const int owner = owner_procs_vec[i];

      if (myRank == owner) {
        myOwned_vec[numMyOwnedElems++] = GID;
      }
    }
    myOwned_vec.resize (numMyOwnedElems);

    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Create Map: ";
      verbosePrintArray(os, myOwned_vec, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
      os << endl;
      cerr << os.str();
    }
    auto retMap = rcp(new map_type(GINV, myOwned_vec(),
                                   M->getIndexBase(), M->getComm()));
    if (verbose) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
      cerr << os.str();
    }
    return retMap;
  }
}

template<class LocalOrdinal, class GlobalOrdinal, class Node>
Teuchos::RCP<const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node> >
Tpetra::createOneToOne (const Teuchos::RCP<const Tpetra::Map<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal,Node> > &M,
                        const Tpetra::Details::TieBreak<LocalOrdinal,GlobalOrdinal> & tie_break)
{
  using Details::Behavior;
  using Details::verbosePrintArray;
  using Teuchos::Array;
  using Teuchos::ArrayView;
  using Teuchos::RCP;
  using Teuchos::rcp;
  using Teuchos::toString;
  using std::cerr;
  using std::endl;
  using LO = LocalOrdinal;
  using GO = GlobalOrdinal;
  using map_type = Tpetra::Map<LO, GO, Node>;

  const bool verbose = Behavior::verbose("Map");
  std::unique_ptr<std::string> prefix;
  if (verbose) {
    auto comm = M.is_null() ? Teuchos::null : M->getComm();
    prefix = Details::createPrefix(
      comm.getRawPtr(), "createOneToOne(Map,TieBreak)");
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Start" << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }
  const size_t maxNumToPrint = verbose ?
    Behavior::verbosePrintCountThreshold() : size_t(0);

  // FIXME (mfh 20 Feb 2013) We should have a bypass for contiguous
  // Maps (which are 1-to-1 by construction).

  Tpetra::Directory<LO, GO, Node> directory;
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Initialize Directory" << endl;
    cerr << os.str ();
  }
  directory.initialize (*M, tie_break);
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Done initializing Directory" << endl;
    cerr << os.str ();
  }
  size_t numMyElems = M->getLocalNumElements ();
  ArrayView<const GO> myElems = M->getLocalElementList ();
  Array<int> owner_procs_vec (numMyElems);
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Call Directory::getDirectoryEntries: ";
    verbosePrintArray(os, myElems, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
    os << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }
  directory.getDirectoryEntries (*M, myElems, owner_procs_vec ());
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "getDirectoryEntries result: ";
    verbosePrintArray(os, owner_procs_vec, "PIDs", maxNumToPrint);
    os << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }

  const int myRank = M->getComm()->getRank();
  Array<GO> myOwned_vec (numMyElems);
  size_t numMyOwnedElems = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < numMyElems; ++i) {
    const GO GID = myElems[i];
    const int owner = owner_procs_vec[i];
    if (myRank == owner) {
      myOwned_vec[numMyOwnedElems++] = GID;
    }
  }
  myOwned_vec.resize (numMyOwnedElems);

  // FIXME (mfh 08 May 2014) The above Directory should be perfectly
  // valid for the new Map.  Why can't we reuse it?
  const global_size_t GINV =
    Tpetra::Details::OrdinalTraits<global_size_t>::invalid ();
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Create Map: ";
    verbosePrintArray(os, myOwned_vec, "GIDs", maxNumToPrint);
    os << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }
  RCP<const map_type> retMap
    (new map_type (GINV, myOwned_vec (), M->getIndexBase (),
                   M->getComm ()));
  if (verbose) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << *prefix << "Done" << endl;
    cerr << os.str();
  }
  return retMap;
}

//
// Explicit instantiation macro
//
// Must be expanded from within the Tpetra namespace!
//


#define TPETRA_MAP_INSTANT(LO,GO,NODE) \
  \
  template class Map< LO , GO , NODE >; \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createLocalMapWithNode<LO,GO,NODE> (const size_t numElements, \
                                      const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > >& comm); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createContigMapWithNode<LO,GO,NODE> (const global_size_t numElements, \
                                       const size_t localNumElements,   \
                                       const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > >& comm); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createNonContigMapWithNode(const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GO> &elementList, \
                             const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> > &comm); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createUniformContigMapWithNode<LO,GO,NODE> (const global_size_t numElements, \
                                              const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > >& comm); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createOneToOne (const Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LO,GO,NODE> >& M); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LO,GO,NODE> > \
  createOneToOne (const Teuchos::RCP<const Map<LO,GO,NODE> >& M, \
                  const Tpetra::Details::TieBreak<LO,GO>& tie_break); \


#define TPETRA_MAP_INSTANT_DEFAULTNODE(LO,GO) \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO> > \
  createLocalMap<LO,GO>( const size_t, const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > > &); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO> > \
  createContigMap<LO,GO>( global_size_t, size_t, \
                          const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > > &); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO> >  \
  createNonContigMap(const Teuchos::ArrayView<const GO> &,          \
                     const Teuchos::RCP<const Teuchos::Comm<int> > &); \
  \
  template Teuchos::RCP< const Map<LO,GO> >  \
  createUniformContigMap<LO,GO>( const global_size_t, \
                                 const Teuchos::RCP< const Teuchos::Comm< int > > &); \

#endif // TPETRA_MAP_DEF_HPP